bitpie钱包官网下载|ozone

首页
ozone

bitpie钱包官网下载|ozone

作者： bitpie钱包官网下载

2024-03-07 20:25:54

Ozone | Definition, Properties, Structure, & Facts | Britannica

Search Britannica

Click here to search

Search Britannica

Click here to search

Home

Games & Quizzes

History & Society

Science & Tech

Biographies

Animals & Nature

Geography & Travel

Arts & Culture

Money

Videos

On This Day

One Good Fact

Dictionary

New Articles

History & Society

Lifestyles & Social Issues

Philosophy & Religion

Politics, Law & Government

World History

Science & Tech

Health & Medicine

Science

Technology

Biographies

Browse Biographies

Animals & Nature

Birds, Reptiles & Other Vertebrates

Bugs, Mollusks & Other Invertebrates

Environment

Fossils & Geologic Time

Mammals

Plants

Geography & Travel

Arts & Culture

Entertainment & Pop Culture

Literature

Sports & Recreation

Visual Arts

Companions

Demystified

Image Galleries

Infographics

Lists

Podcasts

Spotlights

Summaries

The Forum

Ozone layer | Description, Importance, & Facts | Britannica

Search Britannica

Click here to search

Search Britannica

Click here to search

Home

Games & Quizzes

History & Society

Science & Tech

Biographies

Animals & Nature

Geography & Travel

Arts & Culture

Money

Videos

On This Day

One Good Fact

Dictionary

New Articles

History & Society

Lifestyles & Social Issues

Philosophy & Religion

Politics, Law & Government

World History

Science & Tech

Health & Medicine

Science

Technology

Biographies

Browse Biographies

Animals & Nature

Birds, Reptiles & Other Vertebrates

Bugs, Mollusks & Other Invertebrates

Environment

Fossils & Geologic Time

Mammals

Plants

Geography & Travel

Arts & Culture

Entertainment & Pop Culture

Literature

Sports & Recreation

Visual Arts

Companions

Demystified

Image Galleries

Infographics

Lists

Podcasts

Spotlights

Summaries

The Forum

Ozone depletion | Facts, Effects, & Solutions | Britannica

Search Britannica

Click here to search

Search Britannica

Click here to search

Home

Games & Quizzes

History & Society

Science & Tech

Biographies

Animals & Nature

Geography & Travel

Arts & Culture

Money

Videos

On This Day

One Good Fact

Dictionary

New Articles

History & Society

Lifestyles & Social Issues

Philosophy & Religion

Politics, Law & Government

World History

Science & Tech

Health & Medicine

Science

Technology

Biographies

Browse Biographies

Animals & Nature

Birds, Reptiles & Other Vertebrates

Bugs, Mollusks & Other Invertebrates

Environment

Fossils & Geologic Time

Mammals

Plants

Geography & Travel

Arts & Culture

Entertainment & Pop Culture

Literature

Sports & Recreation

Visual Arts

Companions

Demystified

Image Galleries

Infographics

Lists

Podcasts

Spotlights

Summaries

The Forum

Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future | Nature Sustainability

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain

the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in

Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles

and JavaScript.

View all journals

Explore content

About the journal

Publish with us

RSS feed

nature

nature sustainability

review articles

article

Review Article

Published: 24 June 2019

Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future

Paul W. Barnes

ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5715-36791 na1, Craig E. Williamson2 na1, Robyn M. Lucas

ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2736-35413 na1, Sharon A. Robinson

ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7130-96174 na1, Sasha Madronich5 na1, Nigel D. Paul6 na1, Janet F. Bornman7, Alkiviadis F. Bais8, Barbara Sulzberger9, Stephen R. Wilson10, Anthony L. Andrady11, Richard L. McKenzie12, Patrick J. Neale13, Amy T. Austin14, Germar H. Bernhard15, Keith R. Solomon

ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-641316, Rachel E. Neale17, Paul J. Young6, Mary Norval18, Lesley E. Rhodes19, Samuel Hylander20, Kevin C. Rose21, Janice Longstreth22, Pieter J. Aucamp23, Carlos L. Ballaré14, Rose M. Cory24, Stephan D. Flint25, Frank R. de Gruijl26, Donat-P. Häder27, Anu M. Heikkilä28, Marcel A. K. Jansen29, Krishna K. Pandey30, T. Matthew Robson31, Craig A. Sinclair32, Sten-Åke Wängberg33, Robert C. Worrest34, Seyhan Yazar35, Antony R. Young36 & …Richard G. Zepp37 Show authors

Nature Sustainability

volume 2, pages 569–579 (2019)Cite this article

5909 Accesses

133 Citations

112 Altmetric

Metrics details

Subjects

Environmental healthPolicy

AbstractChanges in stratospheric ozone and climate over the past 40-plus years have altered the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation conditions at the Earth’s surface. Ozone depletion has also contributed to climate change across the Southern Hemisphere. These changes are interacting in complex ways to affect human health, food and water security, and ecosystem services. Many adverse effects of high UV exposure have been avoided thanks to the Montreal Protocol with its Amendments and Adjustments, which have effectively controlled the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. This international treaty has also played an important role in mitigating climate change. Climate change is modifying UV exposure and affecting how people and ecosystems respond to UV; these effects will become more pronounced in the future. The interactions between stratospheric ozone, climate and UV radiation will therefore shift over time; however, the Montreal Protocol will continue to have far-reaching benefits for human well-being and environmental sustainability.

Access through your institution

Buy or subscribe

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Access through your institution

Change institution

Buy or subscribe

Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journalsGet Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription24,99 € / 30 dayscancel any timeLearn moreSubscribe to this journalReceive 12 digital issues and online access to articles111,21 € per yearonly 9,27 € per issueLearn moreRent or buy this articlePrices vary by article typefrom$1.95to$39.95Learn morePrices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Additional access options:

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Read our FAQs

Contact customer support

Fig. 1: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) addressed by the UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel 2018 Quadrennial Report.Fig. 2: Links between stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and climate change.

ReferencesCrutzen, P. J. The influence of nitrogen oxides on the atmospheric ozone content. Q. J. Royal Meteorol. Soc. 96, 320–325 (1970).Article

Google Scholar

Molina, M. J. & Rowland, F. S. Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atomic-catalysed destruction of ozone. Nature 249, 810–812 (1974).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Farman, J. C., Gardiner, B. G. & Shanklin, J. D. Large losses of ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction. Nature 315, 207–210 (1985).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Watson, R. T., Prather, M. J. & Kurylo, M. J. Present State of Knowledge of the Upper Atmosphere 1988: An Assessment Report. NASA Reference Publication 1208 (NASA Office of Space Science and Applications, 1988).

Synthesis Report: Integration of the Four Assessment Panels Reports by the Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (OEWG, 1989).Solomon, S., Garcia, R. R., Rowland, F. S. & Wuebbles, D. J. On the depletion of Antarctic ozone. Nature 321, 755–758 (1986).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Solomon, S. Progress towards a quantitative understanding of Antarctic ozone depletion. Nature 347, 347–354 (1990).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Andersen, S. O. & Sarma, K. M. Protecting the Ozone Layer: The United Nations History (Earthscan, 2012).Newman, P. A. et al. What would have happened to the ozone layer if chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) had not been regulated? Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 2113–2128 (2009).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Mäder, J. A. et al. Evidence for the effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol to protect the ozone layer. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 12161–12171 (2010).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Newman, P. A. & McKenzie, R. UV impacts avoided by the Montreal Protocol. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 10, 1152–1160 (2011).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2018, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project. Report no. 58.88 (WMO, 2018).

Updating Ozone Calculations and Emissions Profiles for Use in the Atmospheric and Health Effects Framework Model (USEPA, 2015).Myhre, G. et al. in IPCC Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (eds Stocker, T. F. et al.) 661–740 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013).Garcia, R. R., Kinnison, D. E. & Marsh, D. R. ‘World Avoided’ simulations with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. J. Geophys. Res. Atm. 117, D23303 (2012).

Google Scholar

Ripley, K. & Verkuijl, C. ‘Ozone family’ delivers landmark deal for the climate. Environ. Policy Law 46, 371 (2016).

Google Scholar

Xu, Y., Zaelke, D., Velders, G. J. M. & Ramanathan, V. The role of HFCs in mitigating 21st century climate change. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 6083–6089 (2013).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Chipperfield, M. P. et al. Quantifying the ozone and ultraviolet benefits already achieved by the Montreal Protocol. Nat. Commun. 6, 7233 (2015).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Velders, G. J., Andersen, S. O., Daniel, J. S., Fahey, D. W. & McFarland, M. The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate. Proc. Natl Acad.Sci. USA 104, 4814–4819 (2007).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Papanastasiou, D. K., Beltrone, A., Marshall, P. & Burkholder, J. B. Global warming potential estimates for the C1–C3 hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) included in the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 6317–6330 (2018).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

IPCC: Summary for Policymakers. In Global Warming of 1.5 °C. IPCC Special Report (IPCC, 2018).Andrady, A. L., Pandey, K. K. & Heikkilä, A. M. Interactive effects of solar UV radiation and climate change on material damage. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 18, 804–825 (2019).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Lucas, R. M. et al. Human health in relation to exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation under changing stratospheric ozone and climate. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 18, 641–680 (2019).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Bornman, J. F. et al. Linkages between stratospheric ozone, UV radiation and climate change and their implications for terrestrial ecosystems. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 18, 681–716 (2019).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Williamson, C. E. et al. The interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change on aquatic ecosystems. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 18, 717–746 (2019).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Sulzberger, B., Austin, A. T., Cory, R. M., Zepp, R. G. & Paul, N. D. Solar UV radiation in a changing world: roles of cryosphere–land–water–atmosphere interfaces in global biogeochemical cycles. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 18, 747–774 (2019).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Bais, A. F. et al. Ozone–climate interactions and effects on solar ultraviolet radiation. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 18, 602–640 (2019).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Wilson, S. R., Madronich, S., Longstreth, J. D. & Solomon, K. R. Interactive effects of changing stratospheric ozone and climate on composition of the troposphere, air quality, and consequences for human and ecosystem health. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 18, 775–803 (2019).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

IPCC Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report (eds Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R. K. & Meyer L. A.) (IPCC, 2014).Arblaster, J. et al. In Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report No. 55, Ch. 4 (WMO, 2014).Langematz, U. et al. In Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2018. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report No. 58, Ch. 4 (WMO, 2018).Clem, K. R., Renwick, J. A. & McGregor, J. Relationship between eastern tropical Pacific cooling and recent trends in the Southern Hemisphere zonal-mean circulation. Clim. Dyn. 49, 113–129 (2017).Article

Google Scholar

Lim, E. P. et al. The impact of the Southern Annular Mode on future changes in Southern Hemisphere rainfall. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 7160–7167 (2016).Article

Google Scholar

Holz, A. et al. Southern Annular Mode drives multicentury wildfire activity in southern South America. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 9552–9557 (2017).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Kostov, Y. et al. Fast and slow responses of Southern Ocean sea surface temperature to SAM in coupled climate models. Clim. Dyn. 48, 1595–1609 (2017).Article

Google Scholar

Oliveira, F. N. M. & Ambrizzi, T. The effects of ENSO-types and SAM on the large-scale southern blockings. Int. J. Climatol. 37, 3067–3081 (2017).Article

Google Scholar

Robinson, S. A. et al. Rapid change in East Antarctic terrestrial vegetation in response to regional drying. Nat. Clim. Change 8, 879–884 (2018).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Robinson, S. A. & Erickson, D. J. III Not just about sunburn—the ozone hole’s profound effect on climate has significant implications for Southern Hemisphere ecosystems. Glob. Change Biol. 21, 515–527 (2015).Article

Google Scholar

Morgenstern, O. et al. Review of the global models used within phase 1 of the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative (CCMI). Geosci. Model Dev. 10, 639–671 (2017).Article

Google Scholar

Williamson, C. E. et al. Solar ultraviolet radiation in a changing climate. Nat. Clim. Change 4, 434–441 (2014).Article

Google Scholar

IPCC Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (eds Stocker, T. F. et al.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013).López, M. L., Palancar, G. G. & Toselli, B. M. Effects of stratocumulus, cumulus, and cirrus clouds on the UV-B diffuse to global ratio: experimental and modeling results. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 113, 461–469 (2012).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Feister, U., Cabrol, N. & Häder, D. UV irradiance enhancements by scattering of solar radiation from clouds. Atmosphere 6, 1211–1228 (2015).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Williamson, C. E. et al. Sentinel responses to droughts, wildfires, and floods: effects of UV radiation on lakes and their ecosystem services. Front. Ecol. Environ. 14, 102–109 (2016).Article

Google Scholar

Gies, P., Roy, C., Toomey, S. & Tomlinson, D. Ambient solar UVR, personal exposure and protection. J. Epidemiol. 9, S115–S122 (1999).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Xiang, F. et al. Weekend personal ultraviolet radiation exposure in four cities in Australia: influence of temperature, humidity and ambient ultraviolet radiation. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 143, 74–81 (2015).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Cuthill, I. C. et al. The biology of color. Science 357, eaan0221 (2017).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Mazza, C. A., Izaguirre, M. M., Curiale, J. & Ballaré, C. L. A look into the invisible. Ultraviolet-B sensitivity in an insect (Caliothrips phaseoli) revealed through a behavioural action spectrum. Proc. R. Soc. B 277, 367–373 (2010).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

IPCC Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (eds Field, C. B. et al.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2014).Steinbauer, M. J. et al. Accelerated increase in plant species richness on mountain summits is linked to warming. Nature 556, 231–234 (2018).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Urmy, S. S. et al. Vertical redistribution of zooplankton in an oligotrophic lake associated with reduction in ultraviolet radiation by wildfire smoke. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 3746–3753 (2016).Article

Google Scholar

Ma, Z., Li, W., Shen, A. & Gao, K. Behavioral responses of zooplankton to solar radiation changes: in situ evidence. Hydrobiologia 711, 155–163 (2013).Article

Google Scholar

Leach, T. H., Williamson, C. E., Theodore, N., Fischer, J. M. & Olson, M. H. The role of ultraviolet radiation in the diel vertical migration of zooplankton: an experimental test of the transparency-regulator hypothesis. J. Plankton Res. 37, 886–896 (2015).Article

Google Scholar

Fischer, J. M. et al. Diel vertical migration of copepods in mountain lakes: the changing role of ultraviolet radiation across a transparency gradient. Limnol. Oceanogr. 60, 252–262 (2015).Article

Google Scholar

Cohen, J. M., Lajeunesse, M. J. & Rohr, J. R. A global synthesis of animal phenological responses to climate change. Nat. Clim. Change 8, 224–228 (2018).Article

Google Scholar

Predick, K. I. et al. UV-B radiation and shrub canopy effects on surface litter decomposition in a shrub-invaded dry grassland. J. Arid Environ. 157, 13–21 (2018).Article

Google Scholar

Kauko, H. M. et al. Windows in Arctic sea ice: light transmission and ice algae in a refrozen lead. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 122, 1486–1505 (2017).Article

Google Scholar

Williamson, C. E. et al. Climate change-induced increases in precipitation are reducing the potential for solar ultraviolet radiation to inactivate pathogens in surface waters. Sci. Rep. 7, 13033 (2017).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Arnold, M. et al. Global burden of cutaneous melanoma attributable to ultraviolet radiation in 2012. Int. J. Cancer 143, 1305–1314 (2018).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

van Dijk, A. et al. Skin cancer risks avoided by the Montreal Protocol—worldwide modeling integrating coupled climate–chemistry models with a risk model for UV. Photochem. Photobiol. 89, 234–246 (2013).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Flaxman, S. R. et al. Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 5, e1221–e1234 (2017).Article

Google Scholar

Sandhu, P. K. et al. Community-wide interventions to prevent skin cancer: two community guide systematic reviews. Am. J. Prev. Med. 51, 531–539 (2016).Article

Google Scholar

Gordon, L. G. & Rowell, D. Health system costs of skin cancer and cost-effectiveness of skin cancer prevention and screening: a systematic review. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 24, 141–149 (2015).Article

Google Scholar

Hodzic, A. & Madronich, S. Response of surface ozone over the continental United States to UV radiation. Nat. Clim. Atmos. Sci. 1, 35 (2018).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Ballaré, C. L., Caldwell, M. M., Flint, S. D., Robinson, S. A. & Bornman, J. F. Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on terrestrial ecosystems. Patterns, mechanisms, and interactions with climate change. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 10, 226–241 (2011).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Uchytilova, T. et al. Ultraviolet radiation modulates C:N stoichiometry and biomass allocation in Fagus sylvatica saplings cultivated under elevated CO2 concentration. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 134, 103–112 (2018).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Robson, T. M., Hartikainen, S. M. & Aphalo, P. J. How does solar ultraviolet-B radiation improve drought tolerance of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) seedlings? Plant Cell Environ. 38, 953–967 (2015).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Jenkins, G. I. Photomorphogenic responses to ultraviolet-B light. Plant Cell Environ. 40, 2544–2557 (2017).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Šuklje, K. et al. Effect of leaf removal and ultraviolet radiation on the composition and sensory perception of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon Blanc wine. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res. 20, 223–233 (2014).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Escobar-Bravo, R., Klinkhamer, P. G. L. & Leiss, K. A. Interactive effects of UV-B light with abiotic factors on plant growth and chemistry, and their consequences for defense against arthropod herbivores. Front. Plant Sci. 8, 278 (2017).Article

Google Scholar

Ballaré, C. L., Mazza, C. A., Austin, A. T. & Pierik, R. Canopy light and plant health. Plant Physiol. 160, 145–155 (2012).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Wargent, J. J. in The Role of UV-B Radiation in Plant Growth and Development (ed. Jordan, B. R.) 162–176 (CABI, 2017).Zagarese, H. E. & Williamson, C. E. The implications of solar UV radiation exposure for fish and fisheries. Fish. Fish. 2, 250–260 (2001).Article

Google Scholar

Tucker, A. J. & Williamson, C. E. The invasion window for warmwater fish in clearwater lakes: the role of ultraviolet radiation and temperature. Divers. Distrib. 20, 181–192 (2014).Article

Google Scholar

Neale, P. J. & Thomas, B. C. Inhibition by ultraviolet and photosynthetically available radiation lowers model estimates of depth-integrated picophytoplankton photosynthesis: global predictions for Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus. Glob. Chang. Biol. 23, 293–306 (2017).Article

Google Scholar

Garcia-Corral, L. S. et al. Effects of UVB radiation on net community production in the upper global ocean. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 26, 54–64 (2017).Article

Google Scholar

Cory, R. M., Ward, C. P., Crump, B. C. & Kling, G. W. Sunlight controls water column processing of carbon in arctic fresh waters. Science 345, 925–928 (2014).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Austin, A. T., Méndez, M. S. & Ballaré, C. L. Photodegradation alleviates the lignin bottleneck for carbon turnover in terrestrial ecosystems. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 4392–4397 (2016).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Almagro, M., Maestre, F. T., Martínez-López, J., Valencia, E. & Rey, A. Climate change may reduce litter decomposition while enhancing the contribution of photodegradation in dry perennial Mediterranean grasslands. Soil Biol. Biochem. 90, 214–223 (2015).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Lindholm, M., Wolf, R., Finstad, A. & Hessen, D. O. Water browning mediates predatory decimation of the Arctic fairy shrimp Branchinecta paludosa. Freshw. Biol. 61, 340–347 (2016).Article

Google Scholar

Cuyckens, G. A. E., Christie, D. A., Domic, A. I., Malizia, L. R. & Renison, D., Climate change. and the distribution and conservation of the world’s highest elevation woodlands in the South American Altiplano. Glob. Planet. Change 137, 79–87 (2016).Article

Google Scholar

Poste, A. E., Braaten, H. F. V., de Wit, H. A., Sørensen, K. & Larssen, T. Effects of photodemethylation on the methylmercury budget of boreal Norwegian lakes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 34, 1213–1223 (2015).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Tsui, M. M. et al. Occurrence, distribution, and fate of organic UV filters in coral communities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 4182–4190 (2017).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Corinaldesi, C. et al. Sunscreen products impair the early developmental stages of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Sci. Rep. 7, 7815 (2017).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Fong, H. C., Ho, J. C., Cheung, A. H., Lai, K. & William, K. Developmental toxicity of the common UV filter, benophenone-2, in zebrafish embryos. Chemosphere 164, 413–420 (2016).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Willenbrink, T. J., Barker, V. & Diven, D. The effects of sunscreen on marine environments. Cutis 100, 369 (2017).

Google Scholar

Clark, J. R. et al. Marine microplastic debris: a targeted plan for understanding and quantifying interactions with marine life. Front. Ecol. Environ. 14, 317–324 (2016).Article

Google Scholar

UNEP Frontiers: 2016 Report. Emerging Issues of Environmental Concern (UNEP, 2016).Frank, H., Christoph, E. H., Holm-Hansen, O. & Bullister, J. L. Trifluoroacetate in ocean waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 12–15 (2002).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Solomon, K. R. et al. Sources, fates, toxicity, and risks of trifluoroacetic acid and its salts: relevance to substances regulated under the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 19, 289–304 (2016).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Fleming, E. L., Jackman, C. H., Stolarski, R. S. & Douglass, A. R. A model study of the impact of source gas changes on the stratosphere for 1850–2100. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 8515–8541 (2011).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Eyring, V. et al. Long-term ozone changes and associated climate impacts in CMIP5 simulations. J. Geophys. Res. Atm. 118, 5029–5060 (2013).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Montzka, S. A. et al. An unexpected and persistent increase in global emissions of ozone-depleting CFC-11. Nature 557, 413–417 (2018).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Crutzen, P. J. Albedo enhancement by stratospheric sulfur injections: a contribution to resolve a policy dilemma? Clim. Change 77, 211–220 (2006).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Tilmes, S. et al. Impact of very short-lived halogens on stratospheric ozone abundance and UV radiation in a geo-engineered atmosphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 10945–10955 (2012).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Nowack, P. J., Abraham, N. L., Braesicke, P. & Pyle, J. A. Stratospheric ozone changes under solar geoengineering: implications for UV exposure and air quality. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 4191–4203 (2016).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Madronich, S., Tilmes, S., Kravitz, B., MacMartin, D. & Richter, J. Response of surface ultraviolet and visible radiation to stratospheric SO2 injections. Atmosphere 9, 432 (2018).Article

Google Scholar

Kayler, Z. E. et al. Experiments to confront the environmental extremes of climate change. Front. Ecol. Environ. 13, 219–225 (2015).Article

Google Scholar

Pecl, G. T. et al. Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: impacts on ecosystems and human well-being. Science 355, eaai9214 (2017).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Our Human Planet; Summary for Decision-makers, Vol. 5 (Island, 2005).NASA Institute for Space Studies. GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP) (GISTEMP, accessed 24 July 2018); https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/

Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M. & Lo, K. Global surface temperature change. Rev. Geophys. 48, RG4004 (2010).Article

Google Scholar

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/817/largest-ever-ozone-hole-over-antarctica (accessed 14 May 2019).

https://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/ (accessed 14 May 2019).Download referencesAcknowledgementsThis work has been supported by the UNEP Ozone Secretariat, and we thank T. Birmpili and S. Mylona for their guidance and assistance. Additional support was provided by the US Global Change Research Program (P.W.B., C.E.W. and S.M.), the J. H. Mullahy Endowment for Environmental Biology (P.W.B.), the US National Science Foundation (grants DEB 1360066 and DEB 1754276 to C.E.W.), the Australian Research Council (DP180100113 to S.A.R.) and the University of Wollongong’s Global Challenges Program (S.A.R.). We appreciate the contributions from other UNEP EEAP members and co-authors of the EEAP Quadrennial Report, including: M. Ilyas, Y. Takizawa, F. L. Figueroa, H. H. Redhwi and A. Torikai. Special thanks to A. Netherwood for his assistance in drafting and improving figures. This paper has been reviewed in accordance with the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (US EPA) peer and administrative review policies and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation for use by the US EPA.Author informationAuthor notesThese authors contributed equally: Paul W. Barnes, Craig E. Williamson, Robyn M. Lucas, Sharon A. Robinson, Sasha Madronich, Nigel D. Paul.Authors and AffiliationsDepartment of Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USAPaul W. BarnesDepartment of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USACraig E. WilliamsonNational Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, AustraliaRobyn M. LucasCentre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Earth, Atmosphere and Life Sciences & Global Challenges Program, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, AustraliaSharon A. RobinsonNational Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USASasha MadronichLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UKNigel D. Paul & Paul J. YoungFood Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaJanet F. BornmanLaboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GreeceAlkiviadis F. BaisSwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, SwitzerlandBarbara SulzbergerCentre for Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Earth, Atmosphere and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, AustraliaStephen R. WilsonDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USAAnthony L. AndradyNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Central Otago, New ZealandRichard L. McKenzieSmithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USAPatrick J. NealeFaculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaAmy T. Austin & Carlos L. BallaréBiospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, CA, USAGermar H. BernhardSchool of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaKeith R. SolomonQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, AustraliaRachel E. NealeBiomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UKMary NorvalCentre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UKLesley E. RhodesCentre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, SwedenSamuel HylanderDepartment of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USAKevin C. RoseThe Institute for Global Risk Research, Bethesda, MD, USAJanice LongstrethPtersa Environmental Consultants, Faerie Glen, South AfricaPieter J. AucampDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USARose M. CoryDepartment of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USAStephan D. FlintDepartment of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The NetherlandsFrank R. de GruijlFriedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, GermanyDonat-P. HäderFinnish Meteorological Institute R&D/Climate Research, Helsinki, FinlandAnu M. HeikkiläSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, IrelandMarcel A. K. JansenInstitute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, IndiaKrishna K. PandeyOrganismal and Evolutionary Biology, Vikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandT. Matthew RobsonCancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, AustraliaCraig A. SinclairDepartment of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, SwedenSten-Åke WängbergCIESIN, Columbia University, New Hartford, CT, USARobert C. WorrestCentre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaSeyhan YazarSt. John’s Institute of Dermatology, King’s College London, London, UKAntony R. YoungUS Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, USARichard G. ZeppAuthorsPaul W. BarnesView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarCraig E. WilliamsonView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarRobyn M. LucasView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarSharon A. RobinsonView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarSasha MadronichView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarNigel D. PaulView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarJanet F. BornmanView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarAlkiviadis F. BaisView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarBarbara SulzbergerView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarStephen R. WilsonView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarAnthony L. AndradyView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarRichard L. McKenzieView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarPatrick J. NealeView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarAmy T. AustinView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarGermar H. BernhardView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarKeith R. SolomonView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarRachel E. NealeView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarPaul J. YoungView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarMary NorvalView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarLesley E. RhodesView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarSamuel HylanderView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarKevin C. RoseView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarJanice LongstrethView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarPieter J. AucampView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarCarlos L. BallaréView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarRose M. CoryView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarStephan D. FlintView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarFrank R. de GruijlView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarDonat-P. HäderView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarAnu M. HeikkiläView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarMarcel A. K. JansenView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarKrishna K. PandeyView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarT. Matthew RobsonView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarCraig A. SinclairView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarSten-Åke WängbergView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarRobert C. WorrestView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarSeyhan YazarView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarAntony R. YoungView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarRichard G. ZeppView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarContributionsAll authors helped in the development and review of this paper. The lead authors P.W.B., C.E.W., R.M.L., S.A.R., S.M. and N.D.P. played major roles in conceptualizing and writing the document. P.W.B. organized and coordinated the paper and integrated comments and revisions on all the drafts. C.E.W., R.M.L., J.F.B., A.F.B., B.S., S.R.W. and A.L.A. provided content with the assistance of S.M., S.A.R., G.H.B., R.L.M., P.J.A., A.M.H., P.J.Y. (stratospheric ozone effects on UV and ozone-driven climate change), R.E.N., F.R.deG., M.N., L.E.R., C.A.S., S.Y., A.R.Y. (human health), P.W.B., S.A.R., C.L.B., S.D.F., M.A.K.J., T.M.R. (agriculture and terrestrial ecosystems), P.J.N., S.H., K.C.R., R.M.C., D.-P.H., S-Å.W., R.C.W. (fisheries and aquatic ecosystems), A.T.A., R.G.Z. (biogeochemistry and contaminants), K.R.S., J.L. (air quality and toxicology) and K.K.P. (materials). R.L.M. conducted the UV simulation modelling.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to

Paul W. Barnes.Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional informationPublisher’s note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Rights and permissionsReprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleBarnes, P.W., Williamson, C.E., Lucas, R.M. et al. Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future.

Nat Sustain 2, 569–579 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0314-2Download citationReceived: 23 October 2018Accepted: 16 May 2019Published: 24 June 2019Issue Date: July 2019DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0314-2Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

This article is cited by

Ultraviolet-B radiation in relation to agriculture in the context of climate change: a review

Waqas LiaqatMuhammad Tanveer AltafHeba I. Mohamed

Cereal Research Communications (2024)

Assessment of spatiotemporal variability of ultraviolet index (UVI) over Kerala, India, using satellite remote sensing (OMI/AURA) data

Ninu Krishnan Modon ValappilPratheesh Chacko MammenVijith Hamza

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (2024)

Individual and combined effects of chromium and ultraviolet-B radiation on defense system, ultrastructural changes, and production of secondary metabolite psoralen in a medicinal plant Psoralea corylifolia L

Avantika PandeyMadhoolika AgrawalShashi Bhushan Agrawal

Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2023)

Ozone Layer Depletion in Children’s Books Available in Greece: examining accuracy in the representation of causes of ozone layer depletion in texts

Dimitra KazantzidouKonstantinos T. Kotsis

Children's Literature in Education (2023)

Exploratory study of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and age of onset of bipolar disorder

Michael BauerTasha GlennPeter C. Whybrow

International Journal of Bipolar Disorders (2023)

Access through your institution

Buy or subscribe

Access through your institution

Change institution

Buy or subscribe

Explore content

Research articles

Reviews & Analysis

News & Comment

Current issue

Collections

RSS feed

About the journal

Aims & Scope

Journal Information

Journal Metrics

About the Editors

Research Cross-Journal Editorial Team

Reviews Cross-Journal Editorial Team

Our publishing models

Editorial Values Statement

Editorial Policies

Content Types

Community

Expert panels

Advisory Panel

Contact

Publish with us

Submission Guidelines

For Reviewers

Language editing services

Submit manuscript

Search articles by subject, keyword or author

Show results from

All journals

This journal

Advanced search

Quick links

Explore articles by subject

Find a job

Guide to authors

Editorial policies

Nature Sustainability (Nat Sustain)

ISSN 2398-9629 (online)

nature.com sitemap

About Nature Portfolio

About us

Press releases

Press office

Discover content

Journals A-Z

Articles by subject

Protocol Exchange

Nature Index

Publishing policies

Nature portfolio policies

Open access

Author & Researcher services

Reprints & permissions

Research data

Language editing

Scientific editing

Nature Masterclasses

Research Solutions

Libraries & institutions

Librarian service & tools

Librarian portal

Open research

Recommend to library

Advertising & partnerships

Advertising

Partnerships & Services

Media kits

Branded

content

Professional development

Nature Careers

Nature

Conferences

Regional websites

Nature Africa

Nature China

Nature India

Nature Italy

Nature Japan

Nature Korea

Nature Middle East

Privacy

Policy

Use

of cookies

Your privacy choices/Manage cookies

Legal

notice

Accessibility

statement

Terms & Conditions

Your US state privacy rights

Close banner

Email address

I agree my information will be processed in accordance with the Nature and Springer Nature Limited Privacy Policy.

Close banner

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox.

OZONE中文(简体)翻译：剑桥词典

词典

翻译

语法

同义词词典

+Plus

剑桥词典+Plus

Shop

剑桥词典+Plus

我的主页

+Plus 帮助

退出

剑桥词典+Plus

我的主页

+Plus 帮助

退出

中文 (简体)

查找

英语-中文（简体）

ozone 在英语-中文（简体）词典中的翻译

ozonenoun [ U ] uk

Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio

/ˈəʊ.zəʊn/ us

Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio

/ˈoʊ.zoʊn/

Add to word list

C1 a poisonous form of oxygen

臭氧

UK informal air that is clean and pleasant to breathe, especially near the sea

（尤指海边的）新鲜空气

(ozone在剑桥英语-中文（简体）词典的翻译 © Cambridge University Press)

ozone的例句

ozone

There are four widely recognized drivers of this degradation of the biosphere: climate change, ozone depletion, toxic chemicals, and habitat destruction.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Here, alongside the elixir of ozone and holiday remembrances, there exists an enticing picture of crime-free boulevards and peer-group sociability.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Nevertheless, international negotiations over the protection of ozone layer have been remarkably successful.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

The oxic transition also produced the stratospheric ozone layer, which protects life from the most harmful wavelengths of solar ultraviolet radiation.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Ozone diplomacy: new directions in safeguarding the planet.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Given the significance of the stratospheric ozone layer, concern regarding the effects of pollution of the stratosphere has been expressed in recent years.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

The whole appliance is continually vented with forced air to prevent ozone accumulation in the path of the beam.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

The altitude at which the energy is released will affect the extent of ozone depletion.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

示例中的观点不代表剑桥词典编辑、剑桥大学出版社和其许可证颁发者的观点。

ozone的翻译

中文（繁体）

臭氧, （尤指海邊的）新鮮空氣…

查看更多内容

西班牙语

ozono, aire puro…

查看更多内容

葡萄牙语

ozônio, ar puro…

查看更多内容

更多语言

in Marathi

日语

土耳其语

法语

加泰罗尼亚语

in Dutch

in Tamil

in Hindi

in Gujarati

丹麦语

in Swedish

马来语

德语

挪威语

in Urdu

in Ukrainian

俄语

in Telugu

阿拉伯语

in Bengali

捷克语

印尼语

泰语

越南语

波兰语

韩语

意大利语

ओझोन, ऑक्सिजनचा एक विषारी प्रकार, स्वच्छ आणि श्वास घेण्यास आनंददायी हवा…

查看更多内容

オゾン…

查看更多内容

ozon, temiz hava, ozon(O3)…

查看更多内容

air marin, ozone…

查看更多内容

ozó…

查看更多内容

ozon…

查看更多内容

ஆக்ஸிஜனின் நச்சு வடிவம், கடலுக்கு அருகில் சுத்தமான மற்றும் சுவாசிக்க இனிமையான காற்று…

查看更多内容

(गैस) ओज़ोन, ऑक्सीजन गैस का एक विषैला प्रकार, ओज़ोन…

查看更多内容

પ્રાણવાયુનો એક ઝેરી પ્રકાર, ઓઝોન, હવા જે ખાસ કરીને સમુદ્રની નજીક…

查看更多内容

frisk (hav-)luft, ozon…

查看更多内容

frisk [havs]luft, ozon…

查看更多内容

udara segar, ozon…

查看更多内容

frische Luft, das Ozon…

查看更多内容

frisk (hav)luft, oson…

查看更多内容

ایک طرح کی زہریلی آکسیجن, سمندر کے قریب کی تازہ ہوا…

查看更多内容

свіже повітря, озон…

查看更多内容

озон…

查看更多内容

ఆక్సిజన్ యొక్క విషపూరిత రూపం, ముఖ్యంగా సముద్రం దగ్గర శుభ్రంగా, పీల్చడానికి ఆహ్లాదకరంగా ఉండే గాలి…

查看更多内容

أوزون…

查看更多内容

ওজোন (অক্সিজেনের একটি বিষাক্ত রূপ), ওজোন (পরিস্রুত বায়ুমণ্ডল যেখানে শ্বাস গ্রহণ আনন্দদায়ক, বিশেষভাবে সমুদ্র নিকটবর্তী এলাকায়)…

查看更多内容

čerstvý mořský vzduch, ozón…

查看更多内容

udara segar, ozon…

查看更多内容

อากาศที่บริสุทธิ์, โอโซนออกซิเจนแบบหนึ่งที่มี 3 อะตอมในหนึ่งโมเลกุล…

查看更多内容

không khí trong lành, một loại oxy…

查看更多内容

ozon, morskie powietrze…

查看更多内容

오존…

查看更多内容

ozono, (aria pura)…

查看更多内容

需要一个翻译器吗？

获得快速、免费的翻译！

翻译器工具

ozone的发音是什么？

在英语词典中查看 ozone 的释义

浏览

Oyster card

oyster mushroom

oystercatcher

ozone

ozone-friendly

P, p

p. and p.

p.c.m.

ozone更多的中文(简体)翻译

全部

ozone-friendly

the ozone layer

查看全部意思»

“每日一词”

veggie burger

Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio

/ˈvedʒ.i ˌbɜː.ɡər/

Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio

/ˈvedʒ.i ˌbɝː.ɡɚ/

a type of food similar to a hamburger but made without meat, by pressing together small pieces of vegetables, seeds, etc. into a flat, round shape

关于这个

博客

Forget doing it or forget to do it? Avoiding common mistakes with verb patterns (2)

March 06, 2024

新词

stochastic parrot

March 04, 2024

已添加至 list

回到页面顶端

内容

英语-中文（简体）例句翻译

©剑桥大学出版社与评估2024

学习

新词

帮助

纸质书出版

Word of the Year 2021

Word of the Year 2022

Word of the Year 2023

开发

词典API

双击查看

搜索Widgets

执照数据

关于

无障碍阅读

剑桥英语教学

剑桥大学出版社与评估

授权管理

Cookies与隐私保护

语料库

使用条款

京ICP备14002226号-2

©剑桥大学出版社与评估2024

剑桥词典+Plus

我的主页

+Plus 帮助

退出

词典

定义

清晰解释自然的书面和口头英语

英语

学习词典

基础英式英语

基础美式英语

翻译

点击箭头改变翻译方向。

双语词典

英语-中文（简体）

Chinese (Simplified)–English

英语-中文（繁体）

Chinese (Traditional)–English

英语-荷兰语

荷兰语-英语

英语-法语

法语-英语

英语-德语

德语-英语

英语-印尼语

印尼语-英语

英语-意大利语

意大利语-英语

英语-日语

日语-英语

英语-挪威语

挪威语-英语

英语-波兰语

波兰语-英语

英语-葡萄牙语

葡萄牙语-英语

英语-西班牙语

西班牙语-英语

English–Swedish

Swedish–English

半双语词典

英语-阿拉伯语

英语-孟加拉语

英语-加泰罗尼亚语

英语-捷克语

英语-丹麦语

English–Gujarati

英语-印地语

英语-韩语

英语-马来语

英语-马拉地语

英语-俄语

English–Tamil

English–Telugu

英语-泰语

英语-土耳其语

英语-乌克兰语

English–Urdu

英语-越南语

翻译

语法

同义词词典

Pronunciation

剑桥词典+Plus

Shop

剑桥词典+Plus

我的主页

+Plus 帮助

退出

中文 (简体)

Change

English (UK)

English (US)

Español

Русский

Português

Deutsch

Français

Italiano

中文 (简体)

正體中文 (繁體)

Polski

한국어

Türkçe

日本語

Tiếng Việt

हिंदी

தமிழ்

తెలుగు

关注我们

选择一本词典

STM32 调试工具：Segger Ozone - 知乎

STM32 调试工具：Segger Ozone - 知乎首发于机器人控制系统技术切换模式写文章登录/注册STM32 调试工具：Segger Ozone陈鑫 JasonChen康复机器人、外骨骼机器人控制系统研发问题来源因为公司的产品基于程序的可移植性和可维护性考虑，转而使用 C++ 进行程序开发，而不是使用 C。在转写的过程中，调试设备发现使用 KEIL，无法像之前那样直接打断点看变量（一部分变量的信息无法看到，除非是使用全局变量）。这个问题的出现估计是在使用 C++ 时， KEIL 和 JLINK 之间存在适配问题。在通过网络搜索和一系列尝试后，发现 SEGGER 公司提供了 Segger Ozone 这款软件可以使用 JLink 直接打印出来调试信息，非常方便进行开发的调试。因此，在此处介绍软件使用初体验如下。Segger Ozone参考（官方网址）：Ozone 是 Segger 公司开发的一个调试工具，用于 Trace 程序的运行。调试初始化配置方法：打开软件，创建一个新的工程： 2. 选择目标器件： 3. 选择通信方式： 4. 选择链接文件： 5. 给需要调试的位置打上断点：（可以通过 Find in File 查找到你要找的函数） 6. 打开 Terminal 窗口： 7. 配置 Trace： 8. 下载并运行程序： 9. 这样，通过 printf() 函数，在 Terminal 窗口下你就能看到自己需要打印的信息了。发布于 2020-04-06 12:47STM32嵌入式设计嵌入式开发赞同 104 条评论分享喜欢收藏申请转载文章被以下专栏收录机器人控制系统技术机器人控制系统搭建技

Ozone Layer - Our World in Data

e Layer - Our World in DataOur World in DataBrowse by topicLatestResourcesAboutSubscribeDonateOzone Layerby Hannah Ritchie, Lucas Rodés-Guirao and Max RoserReuse our work freelyCite this researchIntroductionKey InsightsResearch & WritingOther Useful ResourcesChartsEndnotesCite This WorkReuse This Work

The ozone layer plays a vital role in making the planet habitable for us and other species. High in the atmosphere – between 10 to 50 kilometers above the earth’s surface – the ozone layer absorbs most of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation.

But, during the 1970s, ‘80s, and ‘90s, humans were emitting large quantities of substances that depleted the ozone layer. This led to the creation of ozone holes at the earth’s poles, exposing life to higher levels of ultraviolet radiation and increasing the risks of skin cancer in humans.

During the 1980s, the world came together to form an international agreement to reduce – and eventually eliminate – emissions of these depleting substances. The political agreements were very effective. Since then, global emissions have fallen by more than 99%.

The ozone holes have stopped growing and are now starting to close.

This page includes all of our data, visualizations, and writing on the ozone layer, its depletion, and its path to recovery.

Spatiotemporal distribution of ground-level ozone in China at a city level | Scientific Reports

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain

the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in

Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles

and JavaScript.

View all journals

Explore content

About the journal

Publish with us

RSS feed

nature

scientific reports

articles

article

Spatiotemporal distribution of ground-level ozone in China at a city level

Download PDF

Article

Open access

Published: 29 April 2020

Spatiotemporal distribution of ground-level ozone in China at a city level

Guangfei Yang1, Yuhong Liu1 & Xianneng Li1

Scientific Reports

volume 10, Article number: 7229 (2020)

Cite this article

5972 Accesses

62 Citations

Metrics details

Subjects

Environmental impactSustainability

AbstractIn recent years, ozone (O3) pollution in China has shown a worsening trend. Due to the vast territory of China, O3 pollution is a widespread and complex problem. It is vital to understand the current spatiotemporal distribution of O3 pollution in China. In this study, we collected hourly data on O3 concentrations in 338 cities from January 1, 2016, to February 28, 2019, to analyze O3 pollution in China from a spatiotemporal perspective. The spatial analysis showed that the O3 concentrations exceeded the limit in seven geographical regions of China to some extent, with more serious pollution in North, East, and Central China. The O3 concentrations in the eastern areas were usually higher than those in the western areas. The temporal analysis showed seasonal variations in O3 concentration, with the highest O3 concentration in the summer and the lowest in the winter. The weekend effect, which occurs in other countries (such as the USA), was found only in some cities in China. We also found that the highest O3 concentration usually occurred in the afternoon and the lowest was in the early morning. The comprehensive analysis in this paper could improve our understanding of the severity of O3 pollution in China.

Similar content being viewed by others

Spatial and temporal variations of air quality and six air pollutants in China during 2015–2017

Article

Open access

23 October 2019

Hong Guo, Xingfa Gu, … Xiaochuan Zhang

Spatiotemporal variations of air pollutants based on ground observation and emission sources over 19 Chinese urban agglomerations during 2015–2019

Article

Open access

11 March 2022

Tianhui Tao, Yishao Shi, … Xinyi Liu

Temporal variations in ambient air quality indicators in Shanghai municipality, China

Article

Open access

09 July 2020

Yuanyuan Chen, Yang Bai, … Bo Jiang

IntroductionAir pollution has rapidly increased over the last few decades due to urbanization and industrialization, and this increase has attracted attention around the world, including in China. In 2012, the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) (GB 3095-2012) was published by the Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection, which identified six environmental pollutants: sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10)1,2,3. Several air pollution control policies and programs have been established by the Chinese government4,5,6. However, there is still a gap between China’s ambient air quality and the air quality guidelines (AQG) of the World Health Organization (WHO)7. In recent years, although the concentrations of most pollutants, including NO2, SO2, particulate matter, and CO, decreased in the period of 2013–2016, O3 concentrations have increased by 10.79%8. O3 has become a secondary pollutant after PM2.5, which introduces new challenges to pollution control9.In the past few years, many studies have investigated the impact, formation, and sources of O3 pollution. For instance, Khaniabadi et al.10 found that inhaling high concentrations of O3 or exposure to O3-polluted environments for a long period of time had a negative impact on health. Inhaling high concentrations of O3 can increase the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, which contribute to the overall mortality rate. Huang et al.11 found that ambient O3 exposure was related to the tremendous disease burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Ningbo, China, and the elderly comprised a more susceptible population. Existing evidence also reveals the adverse effects of O3 on mental health12. O3 pollution will not only have a negative impact on human health13 but also have a variety of adverse effects on plants, such as declines in crop yields and quality14,15,16. Because O3 has a negative impact on the transfer of nitrogen to grain, O3 pollution will reduce the fertilizer efficiency of wheat17, leading to the inhibition of net photosynthesis of wheat18. Additionally, O3 is a secondary pollutant that is formed by other pollutants through reactions19,20,21. Therefore, the formation of O3 pollution is affected by many factors22,23,24. Studies have shown that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx are key precursors of O3 formation23. Aromatic hydrocarbons and olefins are considered the main contributors to O3 formation in many cities or regions in China. Ethylene, trans-pentene, propene, and BTEX (benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, m-, p-, and o-xylene), as well as warm weather and low wind speeds, are also major contributors to O3 formation25. Given that China is currently plagued by complex O3 pollution problems, understanding the spatiotemporal pattern of O3 pollution in China is of great significance for conducting environmental epidemiological studies and drafting appropriate regional O3 pollution control strategies.Some scholars have launched investigations on the spatiotemporal pattern of O3. In Nanjing, a unimodal peak was observed with the highest O3 levels occurring from 14:00 to 15:00, and the O3 concentration reached its maximum and minimum levels in the summer and winter, respectively3. Wang et al.26 studied the ground-level O3 concentrations of 6 major Chinese cities located on both sides of the Heihe-Tengchong line, and they found that ground-level O3 concentrations exhibited monthly variability, peaking in summer and reaching the lowest levels in winter. The diurnal cycle reached a minimum in the morning and peaked in the afternoon. Some research has found that the O3 distribution pattern is also related to terrain features9,27.As previously mentioned, most of the studies on O3 spatiotemporal patterns are carried out with a short time scale and low spatial resolution and generally focus on a specific city or a limited spatial region. To the best of our knowledge, there has been a lack of research on the spatiotemporal pattern of O3 in China using a higher spatial resolution and long time-series datasets. Recently, China established a large-scale ground real-time air quality monitoring network, which provides data we can use to conduct research on the spatiotemporal distribution pattern of O3 pollution nationwide.In brief, this research makes the following contributions. First, we obtained the O3 concentration data of 338 cities across China for more than three years, covering 1-Jan-2016 to 28-Feb-2019. In terms of spatial perspective, we investigated the O3 concentrations in seven major geographic regions and three major urban agglomerations to conduct a more in-depth analysis and discussion. In terms of temporal perspective, we studied the annual, seasonal, monthly, weekly, daily, and diurnal and nocturnal variations in the O3 concentrations. Second, the reasons for different patterns in different regions were briefly analyzed. The research results from this large dataset can not only help us elaborate on the spatiotemporal distribution pattern of O3 concentration in China with a better spatiotemporal resolution and increase public awareness of the current O3 pollution situation in China but also assist the relevant departments in formulating more targeted O3 pollution prevention and control policies to meet the NAAQS and even the AQG standards in the future.Results and DiscussionThe NAAQS and the WHO set concentration limits for the maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) O3 concentration. Two levels of limits are specified in the NAAQS (Grade 1 and Grade 2), and three levels of limits are specified in the WHO standard (AQG, Interim target 1 and High level) (see Table 1).Table 1 The O3 concentration limits of the NAAQS in China and the WHO (unit: μg/m3).Full size tableSpatial distribution of O3 in ChinaFigure 1 shows the spatial distributions of the O3 concentrations in 338 cities in China in 2016–2018. The regions with the most O3 pollution were mainly concentrated in North China and Central China, especially in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (BTH) region. In addition, the O3 pollution in the Chengdu-Chongqing and the Pearl River Delta region (PRD) regions was significantly higher than that of their neighboring regions. O3 pollution in China has shown a trend of outward expansion. As shown in Table 2, based on the statistical results of the 90th percentile of the maximum daily 8-hour average urban O3 concentration, the top 10 cities with severe O3 pollution are mainly located in North China, Central China and the East China.Figure 1The spatial distribution of the 90th percentile of the maximum daily 8-hour average of the urban O3 concentration in 338 cities in China in 2016 (a), 2017 (b), and 2018 (c). The maps were generated in ArcGIS10.2, URL: http://www.esrichina-bj.cn/softwareproduct/ArcGIS/.Full size imageTable 2 The top 10 cities with the highest 90th percentile of the maximum daily 8-hour average urban O3 concentration in 2016-2018 in China.Full size tableFig. 2 displays the over-standard rate of the O3 concentration in seven geographical regions in China. None of the cities in North China met the AQG or Grade 1 limit, and nearly 70% exceeded the Grade 2 limit. In East and Central China, nearly 40% of urban O3 concentrations exceeded the Grade 2 limit. The O3 pollution in other regions was not so prominent; however, there were still considerable gaps from the AQG standard.Figure 2The over-standard rate of O3 concentration in 338 Chinese cities. The results of the seven geographical regions are also displayed.Full size imageO3 is a secondary pollutant, which is generally formed in the atmosphere through photochemical pathways of NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)28,29,30,31,32. Most of the NOx and VOCs come from heavy industries, such as coal-fired power plants, the steel industry, and the cement industry. Some studies found that the local photochemical reaction process has made an important contribution to the formation of O333, including the consumption of NO2 during the photochemical reaction process23, which has been observed in regions such as North China and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region34,35.Additionally, PM pollution control in these regions has achieved certain results, and the reduction in haze has led to increased visibility, which in turn, has promoted the process of photochemical reactions and promoted the formation of O3 pollution. It is worth noting that some cities in western China, where industrial activities are infrequent, sometimes have high concentrations of O3. In these high-altitude regions, the increase in O3 concentration may be related to the transport of O3 from the stratosphere to the troposphere36. In addition, meteorological environments with a high ultraviolet intensity and low humidity are conducive to O3 formation. In general, the formation of O3 pollution is affected by many factors, including prerequisite pollutant concentrations and meteorological conditions.Annual variation in O3 in ChinaFigure 3 shows the change in ozone concentration in all cities in China in 2016-2018. The top and bottom whiskers extend from the hinges to the largest values by no more than 1.5* IQR (interquartile range). The upper and lower bounds of the box represent the 75th and 25th quartiles, respectively. The line in the middle of the box represents the median. The cross points indicate the mean values, and the square points outside the whisker indicate outliers. From 2016 to 2018, the O3 concentration showed an upward trend, and the ozone levels were roughly the same in 2017 and 2018. Figure 1 shows that the scope of heavy O3 pollution has gradually expanded. This phenomenon is also depicted in Fig. 4. In 2016, more than 95% of cities failed to meet the Grade 1 standard, and nearly 20% failed to meet the Grade 2 standard. In 2017 and 2018, these values increased to 99% and 30%, respectively.Figure 3The box plots of the annual O3 concentrations of 338 cities in China in 2016–2018.Full size imageFigure 4The annual over-standard rate of the O3 concentrations in 338 Chinese cities in 2016-2018.Full size imageSeasonal variation in O3 in ChinaThe distributions of O3 in different seasons were heterogeneous, exhibiting significant seasonal variations. In general, O3 pollution in the summer is significantly higher than that in winter (Fig. 5). Because the photochemical reaction process is affected by meteorological conditions such as light and temperature, the meteorological conditions in summer are more suitable for photochemical reactions. In contrast, the UV intensity in winter is low, and the photochemical reaction is not enough to form heavy O3 pollution.Figure 5The average O3 concentrations of the 338 cities of China during 2016, 2017 and 2018 (a) and during spring (b), summer (c), autumn (d), and winter (e). The maps were generated in ArcGIS10.2, URL: http://www.esrichina-bj.cn/softwareproduct/ArcGIS/.Full size imageSeasonality is also reflected in spatial variation. In the spring and summer, O3 pollution is highest in North, East, and Central China. In autumn, O3 pollution gradually shifts to the south. In winter, national O3 pollution is relatively mild, and only a small part of South China suffers from O3 pollution. Overall, the problem of O3 pollution in the eastern areas is more serious than that in the western areas. The seasonality of O3 concentration changes in the BTH region and the YRD region is relatively high. However, the seasonality of O3 concentration changes in the PRD region is not as obvious. In the BTH region and the YRD region, the maximum and minimum O3 concentrations were observed in the summer and winter, respectively. In the PRD region, the maximum O3 concentration was observed in autumn, and the minimum was observed in winter.The formation of O3 pollution varies based on factors such as the overall NOx and VOC emissions37,38,39, topography40, and atmospheric circulation in the region31,41. Evidence suggests that the high O3 pollution in the BTH region may be related to the emissions of precursor pollutants and the transportation of VOCs in neighboring provinces42,43. In the YRD region, the high temperatures in summer and the lower humidity can easily induce O3 pollution. The O3 concentration in the PRD region throughout the year is close and at a high level because the temperature throughout the year is similar and the annual average temperature exceeds 20°C in this region.Monthly variation in O3 in ChinaFigure 6 illustrates the highest maximum, upper-quartile, median, lower-quartile, and minimum values of the monthly variations in O3 concentration from January to December in the seven regions and the total for all cities. The data confirm that the O3 concentration changes periodically depending on the month. Except for South and Southwest China, the trends in the O3 concentration variations in other regions are consistent with the national trend, showing an inverted V-shaped curve. The O3 concentration gradually increases from January to June, reaching the highest value in June, and then gradually decreases from June to December. The trend of O3 concentration variations in South China and Southwest China is relatively stable. The variation in the O3 concentration in South China shows an M-shaped curve, and the O3 concentration is higher in May and October. O3 pollution in Southwest China is “coming early and going fast”. The O3 concentration peaks around May and then falls sharply starting in June.Figure 6Monthly variation in the maximum daily 8-hour average concentration of O3 in seven geographical regions and in all cities during 2016-2018.Full size imageThe monthly pattern of O3 can be attributed to changes in meteorological conditions and seasonal variations in precursor emissions. The decrease in the O3 concentration in South China in summer may be attributed to the climatic characteristic of the southwest monsoon that prevails in summer. The change in the O3 concentration in Southwest China is strongly affected by ultraviolet radiation. In addition, the penetration of stratospheric ozone into the troposphere is another reason supporting the high O3 concentration in the region.Weekly variation in O3 in ChinaThe weekly variation in the O3 concentration is shown in Fig. 7. The trends in different regions are not the same, but in general, they follow a W-shape. In North, Central, South, and Southwest China and in the BTH and PRD regions, the O3 concentration showed a valley on Tuesday. In North China, the YRD region, and the BTH region, the O3 concentration showed another valley on Saturday. Some scholars have studied the weekend effect of O3 that was first reported in New York in 1974, which suggested that the O3 concentration was higher during the weekend than on weekdays44. The weekend effect has been investigated in many other cities in the United States45,46,47, Europe48,49,50, and Asia51,52,53. The weekend effect of urban O3 is related to the decrease in human activities.Figure 7Weekly variation in the maximum daily 8-hour average concentration of O3 in seven geographical regions and three urban agglomerations in China during 2016-2018.Full size imageAs shown in Fig. 8, the weekly variation in O3 concentration varies greatly in different regions and seasons. In our study, the valley value of O3 concentration often occurs on Tuesday. The weekend effect of O3 is more evident in the Northeast China, South China, Central China in summer, and Northwest China, Southwest China in winter to a certain degree. However, the general weekend effect of O3 pollution is not significant, from a national scale. The weekly variation in O3 concentration is affected by complex factors, the most likely of which is characteristics of urban resident activities. At present, no natural process has been found to produce climate change with a cycle of about 7 days, so Dominique et al.54 believe that the existence of such a cyclic process is manifestation of human impact on climate. Due to the obvious weekly cycle of human activities, many meteorological elements in many regions have corresponding weekly cycle characteristics55. Meteorological elements of some cities have been observed to have varying degrees of weekly cycle characteristics, such as temperature56,57, precipitation frequency58,59, etc., which have a significant cycle with 7-day. The change of these climate factors will further affect the generation of O3 in the photochemical reaction process, and thus affect the weekly variation. In general, the weekly variations in O3 concentration are not very prominent, which shows that the weekly changes in human activities have limited effects on O3 concentration.Figure 8Weekly variation in the maximum daily 8-hour average concentration of O3 during four seasons in seven geographical regions during 2016-2018.Full size imageDaily variation in O3 in ChinaFigure 9 shows the daily O3 concentration from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2018. As shown in the figure, the daily variation in the O3 concentration is usually continuous. The change from high concentration to low concentration, or from low concentration to high concentration, is often a gradual process rather than a sudden change. In most parts of the country, the daily variation of O3 concentration shows an inverse U-shaped trend during each year, i.e., gradually increasing first and then decreasing. Except for South China, including the Pearl River Delta, the daily variation process of O3 concentration has volatility. When observing horizontally from three years, the three cycles of O3 variation can be clearly distinguished. We also found that for at least 1/3 of the days in the three years in each region, the O3 concentration exceeded the AQG, while for more than 1/3 of the days in North China, the O3 concentration exceeded Grade 1 of the NAAQS. When observing vertically, during the days with O3 pollution, the BTH, YRD, and PRD regions usually had even higher O3 concentrations than their neighboring areas. In short, the figure simultaneously shows the seasonal variation pattern as well as the spatial distribution characteristic of O3 concentration.Figure 9Daily variation in the maximum daily 8-hour average concentration of O3 in seven geographical regions and three urban agglomerations during 2016-2018. (This figure was created by using matplotlib, a Python 2D plotting library, URL:https://matplotlib.org).Full size imageDiurnal and nocturnal variation in O3 in ChinaThe hourly data on O3 concentration are shown in Fig. 10 and were used to investigate the diurnal and nocturnal variations in O3 pollutants in seven regions and three urban agglomerations in China. All regions showed a similar overall trend of O3 concentration, with a single peak. The O3 concentration was relatively lower at night, but as the sun rose, the O3 concentration gradually increased. The peak appeared between 14:00 and 16:00 (i.e., in the afternoon). After 16:00, the O3 concentration gradually decreased. The change in O3 concentration was affected by the temperature, solar radiation intensity, and various emissions from the surrounding environment. At night, due to the absence of solar radiation and the precursor of the photochemical reaction, the reaction was weakened and the O3 concentration decreased.Figure 10Diurnal and nocturnal variation in the average hourly concentration of O3 in seven geographical regions and three urban agglomerations during 2016-2018.Full size imageThere are still some differences in the diurnal and nocturnal variations in the O3 concentration in various regions. For example, the variations in Southwest and Northwest China have a hysteresis phenomenon relative to other regions. The phenomenon is attributed to China’s vast territory, with more than 60° of east-west longitude, spanning 5,200 km and five time zones. Although Beijing time is uniformly used in China, there are actually time differences between the eastern and western regions.O3-NOx-VOC sensitivity regimes and influencing factorsO3 is a secondary pollutant, and it is mainly produced by a series of photochemical reactions among precursors. Therefore, the formation of O3 pollution is affected by many factors in addition to meteorological factors. The most important factors are its precursors NOx and VOCs. The relationship between O3 and its precursor concentrations is generally nonlinear60. The decrease in precursor concentration does not necessarily result in a corresponding decrease in O3 concentration, and the sensitivity of O3 to NOx and VOCs will be different under different environmental conditions in the same region. The O3-NOx-VOC sensitivity regimes can describe the relationship between O3 and its local precursors (NOX and VOCs). The sensitivity relationship between O3 and its precursors determines the controlled types of O3 pollution in different regions. In brief, when the concentration of NOx in the atmosphere is high, the generation of O3 is controlled by VOCs; however, when the VOC concentration in the atmosphere is high, O3 generation is controlled by NOx. For example, in VOC-sensitive areas, the O3 concentration may increase with the reduction of the NOx concentration23. Clarifying whether O3 generation in a region is VOC-sensitive or NOx-sensitive is one of the important issues related to O3 generation mechanisms, which will be helpful in determining the control of targeted emissions to reduce O3 pollution61 and formulating O3 pollution control strategies.In this paper, we summarize the O3-NOx-VOC sensitivity regimes in major cities in China that have been studied, and the results are shown in Supplementary Table S1. In the urban districts of most cities, including Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Guangzhou, O3 generation is VOC-sensitive, mainly because human intervention in urban districts has greatly affected the emissions of precursors. Industry and transportation caused a large amount of NOx emissions, and the titration effect suppressed the increase in the O3 concentration in urban areas. In these areas, the priority control of VOC emissions is more helpful in controlling local O3 pollution. However, in the suburban areas of some cities, such as Lanzhou, Guiyang, Chongqing, and Xuzhou, the generation of O3 is NOx-sensitive. The suburbs are less affected by anthropogenic emissions, and the migration of pollutants caused by the wind will affect O3 pollution in the suburbs. In these areas, to suppress O3 generation more effectively, priority should be given to the control of NOx emissions.In addition, the meteorological influencing factors in major cities in China are provided in Supplementary Table S1. The main meteorological factors that affect O3 generation include temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation, atmospheric pressure, cloud cover, sunshine duration, precipitation, ultraviolet radiation, visibility, and geopotential height. The statistics of their frequency are shown in Supplementary Fig. S1. In different regions, meteorological factors have heterogeneous effects on O3 generation. In general, O3 has a significant correlation with temperature and relative humidity. High temperature and low relative humidity are more conducive to the formation of O3, while meteorological factors such as sunshine duration, wind direction and wind speed have a crucial impact on the changes in O3 concentration.Combined with the results of previous statistical analyses, we found that the O3 pollution affecting other cities is often caused by the synergistic effects of precursors and meteorological factors. For example, MDA8 in Beijing and its surrounding areas mainly occur at conditions of high temperature, low cloud cover, low relative humidity, weak southeast wind, low planetary boundary layer height, and the presence of a large amount of NOx and VOCs62. In Taiyuan, when the wind direction is southerly or southwesterly, the concentration of O3 is higher, which indicates that the increase in O3 concentration in Taiyuan is not only related to the local generation but also related to the external transport from the south63,64. The O3 volume fraction and its generation rate in Langfang showed a significant positive correlation with air temperature and a significant negative correlation with total cloud cover. It is also susceptible to transmission in the southern region of Hebei and Tianjin.From a long-term perspective, according to the characteristics of different O3 pollution in different regions, priority should be given to strengthen the coordinated control of the sensitive precursor emissions in the region. Forecasting in advance when meteorological conditions are adverse and taking timely NOx and VOC control measures are important ways to solve regional O3 pollution problems.ConclusionsThis study analyzed the spatiotemporal distributions of O3 concentrations in 338 prefecture-level cities in China from January 2016 to February 2019. The purpose was to understand the current status of O3 pollution in China with a higher spatial resolution and a longer time series. Our study has the following findings:O3 had obvious spatial heterogeneity. Only a few cities met the AQG standard of the WHO. O3 pollution in North, East, and Central China was more serious, especially in the BTH region. The O3 concentrations in the BTH, YRD, and PRD regions were usually higher than those in their neighboring cities. In the spring and summer, O3 pollution in the north was more serious; in autumn, O3 pollution shifted toward the south. In winter, the O3 pollution problem was relatively mild across China.O3 showed a significant temporal variation pattern. The O3 concentration increased each year from 2016 to 2018. For the monthly variation in O3, except for South and Southwest China, other regions showed an inverted-V curve. Although the weekly variation in O3 concentration was not exactly the same in different areas, some cities showed a W-shape. The O3 concentration was lower on Tuesday and Saturday, and no obvious weekend effect was found. The study also characterized the diurnal and nocturnal variation pattern of O3 concentration. The O3 concentration was significantly higher during the day because of factors such as solar radiation, temperature, and precursor emissions. Due to the different time zones in different cities, the western region had a remarkable lag effect compared with the eastern region.At present, China has made some achievements in the control of PM, NOx and other pollutants; however, the problem of O3 pollution has become increasingly prominent. Against the background of China’s severe composite air pollution, the need for the coordinated control of multiple pollutants is becoming increasingly apparent. According to our understanding, there is coexistence of VOC control and NOx control in China’s O3 pollution, and the reduction of particulate matter pollution has exacerbated the problem of O3 pollution in China. The government should strengthen the monitoring of VOCs and combine the characteristics of O3 pollution in different regions to formulate more targeted O3 pollution control strategies to achieve a win-win situation of haze governance and O3 control.Data and methodsThe regional division of ChinaA total of 338 cities, including prefecture-level cities and municipalities, are used as basic study units to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of O3 in China. To analyze the results more clearly, China was divided into seven geographical regions: Northeast China (NEC), North China (NC), East China (EC), Central China (CC), South China (SC), Northwest China (NWC), and Southwest China (SWC), and three urban agglomerations: Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (BTH), the Yangtze River Delta region (YRD), and the Pearl River Delta region (PRD) (Fig. 11).Figure 11The regional division of China into seven geographical regions and three urban agglomerations. The map was generated in ArcGIS10.2, URL: http://www.esrichina-bj.cn/softwareproduct/ArcGIS/.Full size imageGround-level O3 monitoring dataThe China National Environmental Monitoring Center (CNEMC) continuously operates and maintains the national air quality monitoring network of China. The network has comprised 496 stations in 74 cities since 2012, and the network was extended to 1436 monitoring stations in 338 cities after 2016. The real-time concentration of O3 was measured by the ultraviolet absorption spectrometry method and differential optical absorption spectroscopy at each monitoring site. The instrumental operation, maintenance, data assurance and quality control were properly conducted based on the most recent revisions of China Environmental Protection Standards2. The real-time hourly O3 concentration data are continuously recorded by the CNEMC in China and are provided to the public. The data for this study were obtained during the period from 1-Jan-2016 to 28-Feb-2019.Maximum daily 8-hour average O3 and the annual average O3 concentrationIn view of the impact of long-term O3 exposure on animals and plants, limits of the maximum daily 8-hour average O3 concentration are specified in the NAAQS. Therefore, the average hourly O3 concentration is calculated every 8 hours, which should include at least 6 hourly values within a given 8-hour period; otherwise, the average value is considered to be invalid. Invalid values are not accepted in subsequent analysis. Finally, the maximum daily 8-hour average O3 concentration in a day is used to represent the O3 level of that day. Additionally, the ‘technical regulation for ambient air quality assessment of China’ (on trial) (HJ 633-2013) published by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China (MEE) determined that the O3 annual assessment standard for a city is equal to the 90th percentile of MDA8.Statistical methodThe spatial distribution of O3 is analyzed by calculating the average MDA8 data of all cities in each region. The annual, seasonal, monthly, weekly and daily variations in O3 are represented by the average of the MDA8 of each city. Diurnal and nocturnal O3 variation is calculated using the hourly O3 concentration of each city.

ReferencesChina, M. Ambient air quality standards. GB 3095-2012. China Environmental Science Press, Beijing (2012).Zhang, Y. & Cao, F. Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in China at a city level. SCI REP-UK 5, 14884 (2015).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

An, J., Shi, Y., Wang, J. & Zhu, B. Temporal Variations of O3 and NOxin the Urban Background Atmosphere of Nanjing, East China. Arch Environ Con Tox 71, 224–234 (2016).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Jin, Y., Andersson, H. & Zhang, S. Air pollution control policies in China: a retrospective and prospects. Int J Env Res Pub He 13, 1219 (2016).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Zhang, H. et al. Air pollution and control action in Beijing. J Clean Prod 112, 1519–1527 (2016).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Feng, L. & Liao, W. Legislation, plans, and policies for prevention and control of air pollution in China: achievements, challenges, and improvements. J Clean Prod 112, 1549–1558 (2016).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Krzyzanowski, M. & Cohen, A. Update of WHO air quality guidelines. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 1, 7–13 (2008).Article

Google Scholar

Wang, Z. et al. Temporospatial variations and Spearman correlation analysis of ozone concentrations to nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matters and carbon monoxide in ambient air, China. Atmos Pollut Res 10, 1203–1210 (2019).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Cheng, L. et al. Regionalization based on spatial and seasonal variation in ground-level ozone concentrations across China. J Environ Sci-China 67, 179–190 (2018).Article

PubMed

Google Scholar

Khaniabadi, Y. O. et al. Cardiopulmonary mortality and COPD attributed to ambient ozone. Environ Res 152, 336–341 (2017).Article

CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Huang, J. et al. The burden of ozone pollution on years of life lost from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a city of Yangtze River Delta, China. Environ Pollut 242, 1266–1273 (2018).Article

CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Zhao, T., Markevych, I., Romanos, M., Nowak, D. & Heinrich, J. Ambient ozone exposure and mental health: A systematic review of epidemiological studies. Environ Res 165, 459–472 (2018).Article

CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Liu, H. et al. Ground-level ozone pollution and its health impacts in China. Atmos Environ 173, 223–230 (2018).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Tai, A. P. K., Martin, M. V. & Heald, C. L. Threat to future global food security from climate change and ozone air pollution. Nat Clim change 4, 817–821 (2014).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Emberson, L. D. et al. A comparison of North American and Asian exposure–response data for ozone effects on crop yields. Atmos Environ 43, 1945–1953 (2009).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Fuhrer, J. & Booker, F. Ecological issues related to ozone: agricultural issues. Environ Int 29, 141–154 (2003).Article

CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Broberg, M. C., Uddling, J., Mills, G. & Pleijel, H. Fertilizer efficiency in wheat is reduced by ozone pollution. Sci Total Environ 607, 876–880 (2017).Article

ADS

PubMed

CAS

Google Scholar

Li, C., Meng, J., Guo, L. & Jiang, G. Effects of ozone pollution on yield and quality of winter wheat under flixweed competition. Environ Exp Bot 129, 77–84 (2016).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Pu, X. et al. Enhanced surface ozone during the heat wave of 2013 in Yangtze River Delta region, China. Sci Total Environ 603-604, 807–816 (2017).Article

ADS

CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Kerckhoffs, J. et al. A national fine spatial scale land-use regression model for ozone. Environ Res 140, 440–448 (2015).Article

CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Doherty, R. M. Ozone pollution from near and far. Nat Geosci 8, 664–665 (2015).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Xue, L. K. et al. Ground-level ozone in four Chinese cities: Precursors, regional transport and heterogeneous processes. Atmos Chem Phys 14, 13175–13188 (2014).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Wang, T. et al. Ozone pollution in China: A review of concentrations, meteorological influences, chemical precursors, and effects. Sci Total Environ 575, 1582–1596 (2017).Article

ADS

CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Xue, L. et al. Oxidative capacity and radical chemistry in the polluted atmosphere of Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta region: analysis of a severe photochemical smog episode. Atmos Chem Phys (2016).Deng, Y., Li, J., Li, Y., Wu, R. & Xie, S. Characteristics of volatile organic compounds, NO2, and effects on ozone formation at a site with high ozone level in Chengdu. J Environ Sci-China 75, 334–345 (2019).Article

PubMed

Google Scholar

Wang, W. et al. Assessing Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Observed Ground-level Ozone in China. Sci Rep-UK 7, 3651 (2017).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Kanda, I. & Wakamatsu, S. Small-scale variations in ozone concentration in low mountains. Atmos Environ 184, 98–109 (2018).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Ling, Z. H., Guo, H., Cheng, H. R. & Yu, Y. F. Sources of ambient volatile organic compounds and their contributions to photochemical ozone formation at a site in the Pearl River Delta, southern China. Environ Pollut 159, 2310–2319 (2011).Article

CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Duan, J., Tan, J., Yang, L., Wu, S. & Hao, J. Concentration, sources and ozone formation potential of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during ozone episode in Beijing. Atmos Res 88, 25–35 (2008).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Wu, W., Zhao, B., Wang, S. & Hao, J. Ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potential from anthropogenic volatile organic compounds emissions in China. J Environ Sci-China 53, 224–237 (2017).Article

PubMed

Google Scholar

Ning, G. et al. Characteristics of air pollution in different zones of Sichuan Basin, China. Sci Total Environ 612, 975–984 (2018).Article

ADS

CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Li, R. et al. Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in China during 2014–2016. Atmos Environ 161, 235–246 (2017).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Ou, S. et al. Pollution Characteristics and Sensitivity of Surface Ozone in the Typical Heavy Industry City of North China Plain in Summer. Envirionmental Science, 1-13 (2020).Zhang, C. et al. Satellite UV-Vis spectroscopy: implications for air quality trends and their driving forces in China during 2005–2017. Light: Science & Applications 8, 100 (2019).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

de Foy, B., Lu, Z. & Streets, D. G. Satellite NO2 retrievals suggest China has exceeded its NOx reduction goals from the twelfth Five-Year Plan. SCI REP-UK 6, 35912 (2016).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Chen, C. et al. Vertical distribution of ozone and stratosphere-troposphere exchanges on the northeastern side of Tibetan Plateau. Plateau Meteorology 31, 295–303 (2012).CAS

Google Scholar

Shiu, C. et al. Photochemical production of ozone and control strategy for Southern Taiwan. Atmos Environ 41, 9324–9340 (2007).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Guo, H., Cheng, H. R., Ling, Z. H., Louie, P. K. K. & Ayoko, G. A. Which emission sources are responsible for the volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of Pearl River Delta? Vol. 188. (2011).Cheng, H. et al. On the relationship between ozone and its precursors in the Pearl River Delta: Application of an observation-based model (OBM). Environ Sci Pollut R 17, 547–560 (2010).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Klingberg, J. et al. Variation in ozone exposure in the landscape of southern Sweden with consideration of topography and coastal climate. Atmos Environ 47, 252–260 (2012).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Lin, M., Horowitz, L. W., Oltmans, S. J., Fiore, A. M. & Fan, S. Tropospheric ozone trends at Mauna Loa Observatory tied to decadal climate variability. Nat Geosci 7, 136–143 (2014).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Zhang, Q. et al. Variations of ground-level O 3 and its precursors in Beijing in summertime between 2005 and 2011. Atmos Chem Phys 14, 6089–6101 (2014).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Xu, J. et al. Measurements of ozone and its precursors in Beijing during summertime: impact of urban plumes on ozone pollution in downwind rural areas. Atmos Chem Phys 11, 12241–12252 (2011).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Cleveland, W. S., Graedel, T. E., Kleiner, B. & Warner, J. L. Sunday and workday variations in photochemical air pollutants in New Jersey and New York. Science 186, 1037–1038 (1974).Article

ADS

CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Altshuler, S. L., Arcado, T. D. & Lawson, D. R. Weekday vs. weekend ambient ozone concentrations: Discussion and hypotheses with focus on Northern California. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 45, 967–972 (1995).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Koo, B. et al. Impact of meteorology and anthropogenic emissions on the local and regional ozone weekend effect in Midwestern US. Atmos Environ 57, 13–21 (2012).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Seguel, R. J., Morales, S. R. G. E. & Leiva G., M. A. Ozone weekend effect in Santiago, Chile. Environ Pollut 162, 72–79 (2012).Pont, V. & Fontan, J. Comparison between weekend and weekday ozone concentration in large cities in France. Atmos Environ 35, 1527–1535 (2001).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Schipa, I., Tanzarella, A. & Mangia, C. Differences between weekend and weekday ozone levels over rural and urban sites in Southern Italy. Environ Monit Assess 156, 509–523 (2009).Article

CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Castell-Balaguer, N., Téllez, L. & Mantilla, E. Daily, seasonal and monthly variations in ozone levels recorded at the Turia river basin in Valencia (Eastern Spain). Environ Sci Pollut R 19, 3461–3480 (2012).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Sadanaga, Y., Shibata, S., Hamana, M., Takenaka, N. & Bandow, H. Weekday/weekend difference of ozone and its precursors in urban areas of Japan, focusing on nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Atmos Environ 42, 4708–4723 (2008).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Tan, P. H., Chou, C. & Chou, C. C. K. Impact of urbanization on the air pollution “holiday effect” in Taiwan. Atmos Environ 70, 361–375 (2013).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Xie, M. et al. Temporal characterization and regional contribution to O3 and NO x at an urban and a suburban site in Nanjing, China. Sci Total Environ 551-552, 533–545 (2016).Article

ADS

CAS

PubMed

Google Scholar

Bäumer, D. & Vogel, B. An unexpected pattern of distinct weekly periodicities in climatological variables in Germany. Geophysical Research Letters - Geophys Res Lett 35 (2008).Hou, L. & Yao, Z. Air Pollution Index and Precipitation Weekly Circulation Characteristics and Its Possible Influencing Mechanism Analysis over Beijing and Its Adjacent Regions. Chinese Journal Of Atmospheric Sciences 36 (2012).Gong, D.Y., Guo, D. & Ho, C.H. Weekend effect in diurnal temperature range in China: Opposite signals between winter and summer. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 111 (2006).Duan, C., Miao, Q., Ma, L. & Wang, Y. Weekend Effect of Temperature Variation in the Yangtze River Delta Region. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin 21 (2012).Gong, D.Y. et al. Weekly cycle of aerosol-meteorology interaction over China. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 112 (2007).Bell, T.L. et al. Midweek increase in US summer rain and storm heights suggests air pollution invigorates rainstorms. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 113 (2008).Yoo, E. & Park, O. A study on the formation of photochemical air pollution and the allocation of a monitoring network in Busan. Korean J Chem Eng 27, 494–503 (2010).Article

CAS

Google Scholar

Wang, M. Y., Yim, S. H. L., Wong, D. C. & Ho, K. F. Source contributions of surface ozone in China using an adjoint sensitivity analysis. Sci Total Environ 662, 385–392 (2019).Article

ADS

CAS

PubMed

PubMed Central

Google Scholar

Tang, G. et al. Spatial-temporal variations in surface ozone in Northern China as observed during 2009–2010 and possible implications for future air quality control strategies. Atmos Chem Phys 12, 2757–2776 (2012).Article

ADS

CAS

Google Scholar

Feng, X. Variation characteristics of ozone concentration in Taiyuan from 2013 to 2017. Environ Chem 38, 1899–1905 (2019).

Google Scholar

Zhang, S., Zhang, X., Chai, F. & Xue, Z. Pollution Characteristics of NOx, O3and OX in the Ambient Air of Taiyuan City and Relativity Study. Environmental Protection Science 41, 54–58 (2015).

Google Scholar

Download referencesAcknowledgementsThis work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71671024, 71601028, 71421001), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (DUT20JC38, DUT20RW301), Humanity and Social Science Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China (15YJCZH198), Social Planning Foundation of Liaoning (L17AGL012), and Scientific and Technological Innovation Foundation of Dalian (2018J11CY009). The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their constructive comments.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsInstitute of Systems Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, ChinaGuangfei Yang, Yuhong Liu & Xianneng LiAuthorsGuangfei YangView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarYuhong LiuView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarXianneng LiView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarContributionsG.F.Y. and Y.H.L. designed and performed the research. G.F.Y. and Y.H.L. wrote the manuscript and checked the Analysis. X.N.L. reviewed the analysis and revised the manuscript.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to

Guangfei Yang.Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional informationPublisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Supplementary informationSupplementary information.Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleYang, G., Liu, Y. & Li, X. Spatiotemporal distribution of ground-level ozone in China at a city level.

Sci Rep 10, 7229 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64111-3Download citationReceived: 29 October 2019Accepted: 20 March 2020Published: 29 April 2020DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64111-3Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

This article is cited by

Unveiling air pollution patterns in Yemen: a spatial–temporal functional data analysis

Mohanned Abduljabbar Hael

Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2023)

Influence diagnostics in Gaussian spatial–temporal linear models with separable covariance

Juan Carlos Saavedra-NievasOrietta NicolisGermán Ibacache-Pulgar

Environmental and Ecological Statistics (2023)

Spatiotemporal characterization of aerosols and trace gases over the Yangtze River Delta region, China: impact of trans-boundary pollution and meteorology

Zeeshan JavedMuhammad BilalXiaojun Zheng

Environmental Sciences Europe (2022)

Association analysis between socioeconomic factors and urban ozone pollution in China

Guangfei YangYuhong LiuZiyao Zhou

Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2022)

Interactive effects of tropospheric ozone and blast disease (Magnaporthe oryzae) on different rice genotypes

Muhammad Shahedul AlamAngeline Wanjiku MainaMichael Frei

Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2022)

CommentsBy submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Download PDF

Explore content

Research articles

News & Comment

Collections

Subjects

RSS feed

About the journal

Open Access Fees and Funding

About Scientific Reports

Contact

Journal policies

Calls for Papers

Guide to referees

Editor's Choice

Journal highlights

Publish with us

For authors

Language editing services

Submit manuscript

Search articles by subject, keyword or author

Show results from

All journals

This journal

Advanced search

Quick links

Explore articles by subject

Find a job

Guide to authors

Editorial policies

Scientific Reports (Sci Rep)

ISSN 2045-2322 (online)

nature.com sitemap

About Nature Portfolio

About us

Press releases

Press office

Discover content

Journals A-Z

Articles by subject

Protocol Exchange

Nature Index

Publishing policies

Nature portfolio policies

Open access

Author & Researcher services

Reprints & permissions

Research data

Language editing

Scientific editing

Nature Masterclasses

Research Solutions

Libraries & institutions

Librarian service & tools

Librarian portal

Open research

Recommend to library

Advertising & partnerships

Advertising

Partnerships & Services

Media kits

Branded

content

Professional development

Nature Careers

Nature

Conferences

Regional websites

Nature Africa

Nature China

Nature India

Nature Italy

Nature Japan

Nature Korea

Nature Middle East

Privacy

Policy

Use

of cookies

Your privacy choices/Manage cookies

Legal

notice

Accessibility

statement

Terms & Conditions

Your US state privacy rights

Close banner

Email address

I agree my information will be processed in accordance with the Nature and Springer Nature Limited Privacy Policy.

Close banner

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox.

The two faces of ozone | Nature Climate Change

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain

the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in

Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles

and JavaScript.

View all journals

Explore content

About the journal

Publish with us

RSS feed

nature

nature climate change

editorials

article

The two faces of ozone

Download PDF

Editorial

Published: 31 January 2020

The two faces of ozone

Nature Climate Change

volume 10, page 97 (2020)Cite this article

2654 Accesses

2 Citations

4 Altmetric

Metrics details

Subjects

Atmospheric chemistryClimate-change impactsClimate-change policy

In the upper atmosphere, ozone is essential to protect the planet through absorption of ultraviolet radiation; but at ground level, ozone is a pollutant, and increasing anthropogenic emissions are resulting in higher levels. Reducing emissions would mitigate the harmful effects of ozone as well as potentially increasing a natural carbon sink.

Ozone is probably most associated with its high abundance in the Earth’s upper atmosphere. The ozone layer in the stratosphere absorbs much of the incoming solar ultraviolet radiation and came into the wider general consciousness in the 1980s with the discovery that it was seasonally thinning. This led to the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, an example of a successful international environmental protection agreement. The phase-out of chlorofluorocarbons and halons, through the transition and eventual phase-out of less ozone-damaging substances such as hydrofluorocarbons, has seen declines in their emissions, with stabilization and now ongoing recovery of the ozone layer. These ozone-depleting substances (ODS) are themselves potent greenhouse gases and, with their atmospheric lifespan of 50–100 years, have contributed to global warming, but to what extent? In a Letter in this issue, Lorenzo Polvani and co-authors investigate the role that these ODS have played in Arctic warming from 1955 to 2015. The model results show that a substantial fraction, almost 0.8 °C of the Arctic surface warming and nearly 0.7 × 106 km2 loss of sea ice, has been caused by ODS. Removal of these emissions by the Montreal Protocol has in fact helped to mitigate a warming gas, meaning that the protocol has had a role not only in helping to restore the ozone layer, but also in climate action, with warming approximately a third smaller owing to the absence of increasing ODS.

Credit: Shay Levy / Alamy Stock PhotoMoving closer to Earth, ozone is a pollutant. Formed by the reaction of sunlight with anthropogenic emissions of carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, methane and nitrogen oxides, it can present a respiratory health risk and has a damaging effect on crops and ecosystems.As the climate changes, ozone is just one factor influencing vegetation. Understanding its interactions with other factors — such as CO2 changes, temperature and precipitation, nutrient availability and pollination efficiency as well as distributions of microbial and insect species — is important to predict and prepare for impacts on food production and ecosystem services. Exposure to ozone is predicted to increase under a high emissions scenario for all major biomes, and even under RCP4.5 there is increased exposure for 50% of terrestrial ecosystems (Fuhrer, J. et al. Ecol. Evol. 6, 8785–8799; 2016).Crop response to ozone is varied, with wheat typically seeing a decline in harvest yields, and overall crop yields are predicted to decline by about 10% by 2050; impacts of ozone can include changes in cellular carbon allocation, visible injury and reduced photosynthesis (L. D. Emberson et al. Eur. J. Agron. 100, 19–34; 2018). Although there is limited evidence for fruits, nuts and seeds, the available data on these yield impacts show that ozone and temperature have a consistently negative effect (C. Alae-Carew et al. Environ. Res. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab5cc0; 2019). Understanding regional pollution levels and the effects of ozone is important to ensure food and nutritional security into the future.As emissions continue to cause increases in ground-level ozone, reductions in emissions are needed to decrease this pollutant, but natural reactive halogens (chlorine, bromine and iodine species) already act to partially reduce the ozone burden. Natural halogens are primarily released from the ocean, from phytoplankton and algae and from abiotic sources. How these processes will change in the future is considered in an Article in this issue by Fernando Iglesias-Suarez and colleagues. Currently, halogens deplete around 13% of lower-atmosphere ozone, and this value is predicted to stay constant into the future, as increasing halogen levels are offset by regional differences in ozone distribution and loss.Reducing emissions would also reduce ozone damage to vegetation, which would enhance the land carbon sink. In their Letter in this issue, Nadine Unger and collaborators consider the benefits to gross primary productivity, or photosynthesis, of a 50% cut in emissions from the seven sectors that are the largest sources of anthropogenic ozone precursors. Emissions reductions in road transport and the energy sector would have the most impact in eastern China, the eastern United States, Europe and globally, highlighting that mitigating ozone vegetation damage would not only benefit food security and health but also enhance a carbon sink.Cutting ODS emissions has worked to protect the ozone layer, with the added benefit that removing the increasing atmospheric concentration of those potent greenhouse gases has avoided additional warming. Ozone can be a less-discussed by-product of antrhopogenic emissions, but the benefit of reducing emissions to minimize its polluting effects on health and vegetation could be substantial.

Rights and permissionsReprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this article The two faces of ozone.

Nat. Clim. Chang. 10, 97 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0704-5Download citationPublished: 31 January 2020Issue Date: February 2020DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0704-5Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Download PDF

Associated content

Collection

Renewed emissions of ozone depleting substances

Explore content

Research articles

Reviews & Analysis

News & Comment

Current issue

Collections

RSS feed

About the journal

Aims & Scope

Journal Information

Journal Metrics

About the Editors

Research Cross-Journal Editorial Team

Reviews Cross-Journal Editorial Team

Our publishing models

Editorial Values Statement

Editorial Policies

Content Types

Advisory Panel

Contact

Web Feeds

Publish with us

Submission Guidelines

For Reviewers

Language editing services

Submit manuscript

Search articles by subject, keyword or author

Show results from

All journals

This journal

Advanced search

Quick links

Explore articles by subject

Find a job

Guide to authors

Editorial policies

Nature Climate Change (Nat. Clim. Chang.)

ISSN 1758-6798 (online)

ISSN 1758-678X (print)

nature.com sitemap

About Nature Portfolio

About us

Press releases

Press office

Discover content

Journals A-Z

Articles by subject

Protocol Exchange

Nature Index

Publishing policies

Nature portfolio policies

Open access

Author & Researcher services

Reprints & permissions

Research data

Language editing

Scientific editing

Nature Masterclasses

Research Solutions

Libraries & institutions

Librarian service & tools

Librarian portal

Open research

Recommend to library

Advertising & partnerships

Advertising

Partnerships & Services

Media kits

Branded

content

Professional development

Nature Careers

Nature

Conferences

Regional websites

Nature Africa

Nature China

Nature India

Nature Italy

Nature Japan

Nature Korea

Nature Middle East

Privacy

Policy

Use

of cookies

Your privacy choices/Manage cookies

Legal

notice

Accessibility

statement

Terms & Conditions

Your US state privacy rights

Close banner

Email address

I agree my information will be processed in accordance with the Nature and Springer Nature Limited Privacy Policy.

Close banner

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox.

Ozone Layer

e LayerEducationSign InMenuDonateENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRYENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRYOzone LayerOzone LayerThe ozone layer is one layer of the stratosphere, the second layer of Earth’s atmosphere. The stratosphere is the mass of protective gases clinging to our planet.Grades9 - 12SubjectsHealth, Earth Science, Geography, Physical Geography‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌Loading ...ArticleVocabularyThe ozone layer is one layer of the stratosphere, the second layer of Earth’s atmosphere. The stratosphere is the mass of protective gases clinging to our planet.The stratosphere gets its name because it is stratified, or layered: as elevation increases, the stratosphere gets warmer. The stratosphere increases in warmth with elevation because ozone gases in the upper layers absorb intense ultraviolet radiation from the sun.Ozone is only a trace gas in the atmosphere—only about three molecules for every 10 million molecules of air. But it does a very important job. Like a sponge, the ozone layer absorbs bits of radiation hitting Earth from the sun. Even though we need some of the sun's radiation to live, too much of it can damage living things. The ozone layer acts as a shield for life on Earth.Ozone is good at trapping a type of radiation called ultraviolet radiation, or UV light, which can penetrate organisms’ protective layers, like skin. This then may damage DNA molecules in plants and animals. There are two major types of UV light: UVB and UVA.UVB is the cause of skin conditions like sunburns, and cancers like basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.People used to think that UVA light, the radiation used in tanning beds, is harmless because it doesn’t cause burns. However, scientists now know that UVA light is even more harmful than UVB, penetrating more deeply and causing a deadly skin cancer, melanoma, and premature aging. The ozone layer, Earth’s sunscreen, absorbs about 98 percent of this devastating UV light.The ozone layer is getting thinner. Chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a reason we have a thinning ozone layer. A CFC is a molecule that contains the elements carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. CFCs are everywhere, mostly in refrigerants and plastic products. Businesses and consumers use them because they're inexpensive, they don't catch fire easily, and they don't usually poison living things. But the CFCs start eating away at the ozone layer once they get blown into the stratosphere.Ozone molecules, which are simply made of three joined oxygen atoms, are always being destroyed and reformed naturally. But CFCs in the air make it very difficult for ozone to reform once it’s broken apart. The ozone layer, which only makes up 0.00006 percent of Earth’s atmosphere, is getting thinner and thinner all the time.“Ozone holes” are popular names for areas of damage to the ozone layer. This is inaccurate. Ozone layer damage is more like a really thin patch than a hole. The ozone layer is thinnest near the poles.In the 1970s, people all over the world started realizing the ozone layer was getting thinner and that this was a bad thing. Many governments and businesses agreed that some chemicals, like aerosol cans, should be outlawed. There are fewer aerosol cans produced today. The ozone layer has slowly recovered as people, businesses, and governments work to control such pollution.Fast FactMillion to OneCompared to other gases in the atmosphere, ozone is pretty rare. According to NOAA, there are only about three molecules of ozone for every ten million molecules of air.CreditsMedia CreditsThe audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited.WritersHilary CostaErin SproutSantani TengMelissa McDanielJeff HuntDiane BoudreauTara RamroopKim RutledgeHilary HallIllustratorsMary Crooks, National Geographic SocietyTim GuntherEditorsJeannie Evers, Emdash Editing, Emdash EditingKara WestEducator ReviewerNancy WynneProducerNational Geographic SocietyotherLast UpdatedOctober 19, 2023User PermissionsFor information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. They will best know the preferred format. When you reach out to them, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource.MediaIf a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media.TextText on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service.InteractivesAny interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. You cannot download interactives.Related ResourcesNational Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036ABOUTNational Geographic SocietyNatGeo.comNews and ImpactContact UsExploreOur ExplorersOur ProgramsEducationNat Geo LiveStorytellers CollectiveTraveling ExhibitionsJoin UsWays to GiveApply for a GrantCareersdonateget updatesConnectNational Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. © 1996 - 2024 National Geographic Society. All rights reserved.Privacy Notice|Sustainability Policy|Terms of Service|Code of Eth

bitpie钱包官网下载|ozone

bitpie钱包官网下载|ozone

Ozone | Definition, Properties, Structure, & Facts | Britannica

Ozone layer | Description, Importance, & Facts | Britannica

Ozone depletion | Facts, Effects, & Solutions | Britannica

Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future | Nature Sustainability

OZONE中文(简体)翻译：剑桥词典

STM32 调试工具：Segger Ozone - 知乎

Ozone Layer - Our World in Data

Spatiotemporal distribution of ground-level ozone in China at a city level | Scientific Reports

The two faces of ozone | Nature Climate Change

Ozone Layer

菜单

支持

Follow

bitpie钱包官网下载|ozone

bitpie钱包官网下载|ozone

Ozone | Definition, Properties, Structure, & Facts | Britannica

Ozone layer | Description, Importance, & Facts | Britannica

Ozone depletion | Facts, Effects, & Solutions | Britannica

Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future | Nature Sustainability

OZONE中文(简体)翻译：剑桥词典

STM32 调试工具：Segger Ozone - 知乎

Ozone Layer - Our World in Data

Spatiotemporal distribution of ground-level ozone in China at a city level | Scientific Reports

The two faces of ozone | Nature Climate Change

Ozone Layer

最近的新闻

您可能喜欢的文章

bitpie官方下载|onekey

imtoken2.0官网下载地址|pascal教程

imtoken里钱包名称是什么

imtoken钱包lon是什么意思

imtoken钱包需要什么登陆

imtoken钱包为什么国内申请不了

imtoken钱包助记词格式是什么